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Table 3 Comparison of postoperative outcomes and complications

From: Preoperative carbohydrate loading and intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy for elderly patients undergoing open gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial

  GDFT group CFT group p
Number of patients
 ITT analysis 60 60  
 Per protocol analysis 55 57  
Primary outcome
 Patients with complications
  ITT analysis 15 (25.0%) 29 (48.3%) 0.013
  Per protocol analysis 14 (25.5%) 27 (47.4%) 0.016
List of complications (Per protocol analysis only)
 Infection 5 (9.1%) 13 (22.8%) 0.048
 Respiratory 5 (9.1%) 9 (15.8%) 0.284
 Cardiovascular 6 (10.9%) 9 (15.8%) 0.448
 Abdominal 6 (10.9%) 10 (17.5%) 0.316
 Renal 1 (1.8%) 2 (3.5%) 1.000
 Others 2 (3.6%) 2 (3.5%) 1.000
Secondary outcomes
 Time to first flatus (hours)
  ITT analysis 56 ± 14.1 64 ± 22.3 0.002
  Per protocol analysis 55 ± 13.9 65 ± 22.6 0.004
 Time to first oral taken (hours)
  ITT analysis 72 ± 16.9 85 ± 26.8 0.011
  Per protocol analysis 72 ± 17.4 85 ± 27.5 0.002
 Postoperative hospitalization (days)
  ITT analysis 9.1 ± 2.8 9.7 ± 3.2 0.290
  Per protocol analysis 9.2 ± 2.9 9.7 ± 3.1 0.397
 Amount hospital charges (RMB)
  ITT analysis 57,599 ± 16,363 62,802 ± 19,891 0.120
  Per protocol analysis 56,845 ± 16,446 60,571 ± 16,579 0.235
 Admission to ICU
  ITT analysis 6 (10%) 7 (11.7%) 0.769
  Per protocol analysis 5 (9.1%) 6 (10.5%) 0.799
 Postoperative mortality
  ITT analysis 0 (0%) 2 (3.5%) 0.496
  Per protocol analysis 0 (0%) 2 (3.3%) 0.496
  1. Note: Values are absolute (percentage) or mean ± SD (standard deviation)
  2. ITT intention to treat analysis, Per protocol only patients performed intraoperative protocol in full extent, RMB Renminbi, ICU intensive care unit