Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with or without cognitive impairment
| Variables | Cognitive normal (n = 267) |
Cognitive impairment (n = 107) | Statistical values | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE, median (IQR) | 25 (23–27) | 16 (13–19) | ||
| Age (yr), median (IQR) | 70 (67–74) | 73 (68–79) | 3.930a | < 0.001 |
| Female, n(%) | 128 (47.9) | 73 (62.8) | 12.643b | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg m−2, mean ± SD) | 23.46 ± 3.48 | 23.00 ± 3.52 | 1.154c | 0.249 |
| Widowed or Divorced, n (%) | 24 (9.0) | 15 (14.0) | 2.069b | 0.150 |
| Level of education | 30.505b | < 0.001 | ||
| Illiteracy, n (%) | 46 (17.2) | 43 (40.2) | ||
| Primary school, n (%) | 125 (46.8) | 50 (46.7) | ||
| Middle school or above, n (%) | 96 (36.0) | 14 (13.1) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 162 (60.7) | 62 (57.9) | 0.237b | 0.626 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 49 (18.4) | 28 (26.2) | 2.854b | 0.091 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 74(27.7) | 22 (20.6) | 2.049b | 0.152 |
| CHD, n (%) | 19 (7.1) | 8 (7.5) | 0.015b | 0.903 |
| CNS disease, n (%) | 32 (12.0) | 12 (11.2) | 0.044b | 0.835 |
| Atherosclerosis, n (%) | 49 (18.4) | 30 (28.0) | 4.301b | 0.038 |
| ASA III, n (%) | 46 (17.2) | 33 (30.8) | 8.496b | 0.004 |
| CCI, median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 4 (4–5) | 1.978a | 0.048 |
| Lesions | 0.889b | 0.641 | ||
| Spinal, n (%) | 142 (53.2) | 57 (53.3) | ||
| Hip, knee or tibia, n (%) | 82 (30.7) | 29 (27.1) | ||
| Other parts, n (%) | 43 (16.1) | 21 (19.6) | ||